Lead Mines Clough Lead Mines

The lead mines at Lead Mines Clough date to the late 17th Century or earlier. The remains that can be seen today probably date from the early to mid-18th Century when a John Thompson leased the right to work the lead mines in the area from 1824. Thompson relinquished the lease in 1837 having spent 'some thousands in search of lead ore and never found a pound weight'. Beside the Limestone Brook, several stone constructions have been restored including an interesting wheel pit that drove a pump to take water out of the mine. The waterwheel was probably overshot and fed by a 'launder' or wooden trough - the stone base supports can still be seen. Perhaps the most productive period of lead mining in the clough was from 1781 to 1790 when the area was worked on behalf of the land owner or 'Mineral Lord', Sir Frank Standish. Many of the shafts for the mines are up on the top of the hillside to the east, conical mounds with pits in the centre - they are all in-filled but could be dangerous. Many of these features have been described as 'bell pits' as the interior would be shaped like the inside of a bell - one of the earliest known mining techniques. However, this is uncertain and it is likely these are simply trial shafts and contemporary with the known mining activity of the last few centuries. There are a more old shafts on either side of the brook below the small waterfall near Twitchills Clough and towards the Meeting of the Waters. There is also the open-mouth of a sough or drainage tunnel, on the east side of the brook, just past the bridge. We are advised the tunnel is probably dangerous - it is blocked off after a short distance where the mine tunnel itself would start. The part of the tunnel here is constructed by digging a trench and covering it with stone slabs. This sough drained the upper levels of the mine, the waterwheel powered pumping gear (see above) took water from the lower sough which would be quite a way below ground level. There are a couple of drains or damaged tunnels that can be found further upstream, by the pine plantations but they are undocumented and I don't know of any related mine shafts nearby; possibly the result of quarrying or tunnelling for some other reason or from Thompson's desperate searching. The main mineral veins here were known as Chorley Road Vein, Sun Vein and Hammerton Vein. These are gaps in the rock caused by geological faulting that have become filled with minerals due to low temperature hydrothermal events. In this case lead ore or Galena, Copper, Iron, Barite and Witherite (a form of Barite containing trapped oxygen) that was first identified from samples found at the nearby lead mines on Stronstrey Bank. The site was visited by Mr. James Watt prior to 1789 who is the source of much of the information on the mining operation. Watt went on to perform a number of cold-blooded and fatal experiments on animals, by poisoning them with Aerated Baryte gathered during his visit.

Named Mineral Veins found at Lead Mines Clough

The mines in Lead Mines Clough worked several mineral veins that are based around major geological faults and minor cracks or fissures radiating out from them. The names are arbitrary and were probably given by the miners of the time.

Chorley Road Vein

An extension of the Brinscall Fault from which many of the smaller veins issue.

Old or Sun Vein

A large vein which was probably the first worked in the area. The miners in the 1780s refer to The Old Man - an earlier, mined-out working on the Sun Vein.

String Vein, Mine House Vein and Engine Vein

Smaller mineral veins joining the larger veins described above. Mine House and Engine are named for the site of the Mine House at Staple Shaft which went down onto the vein and the Old Engine Shaft respectively - both located on the South side of the Limestone Brook.

Hammerton Vein

A substantial looking mineral vein crossing the river below Meeting of the Waters and not mentioned much in the records.

New Tryal Vein

A mineral vein discovered further upstream which the 1780s miners were optimistic about, but hadn't worked. It doesn't seem to have lived up to their expectations or those of Thompson years later.

Mine Shafts at Lead Mines Clough

As described, the area around the Limestone Brook, just above its confluence with the water from Twitchills Clough - which seems to have been artificially re-routed to either clear water from the area or more likely to drive a waterwheel upstream - is peppered with old shafts and spoil heaps. Incidentally, a section of the Limestone Brook has been relocated from this area down to the bridge near the confluence with the Yarrow. This was probably done at the time of the construction of the Yarrow Reservoir. The original course can be seen as a grass-covered channel to the East of the current footpath. The gravel footpath and bridge being relatively modern features that replaced an earlier ford. With this in mind, together with Thompson's later working which has probably obliterated many of the older features it is very difficult to discern the exact location of the main shafts today - although several following the Sun Vein are easily delineated from the mounds above ground. The position where the Brinscall Fault and therefore the Chorley Road Vein cross the brook is indicated by the small waterfall and Marine Band, upstream from the first bridge.

Old Engine Shaft

A shaft on the Engine Vein, located on the South side of the brook before the steep hillside (now modified by spoil and the zig-zag track which is relatively recent). Engine Vein connects to both the Chorley Road Vein and Sun Vein.

Staples Shaft

Another shaft beside the brook, upstream from the Old Engine Shaft. Staples shaft went down onto the Minehouse Vein which also connects the Chorley Road Vein and Sun Vein. Old maps show a ruin here which was perhaps the titular mine house.

New Engine Shaft

New Engine Shaft was sunk onto the Sun Vein, close to where it intersects the Chorley Road Vein. The shaft was located on the high-ground to the south of the brook. The strata identified from the top-down in New Engine Shaft was given by the Overlooker of the mine (note the archaic use of 'f' for 's') during Watt's visit was:

1/2 yard loofe Stones and Sand.
7 and 1/2 yards Sand-ftone.
1/2 yard Argillaceous Shiftus and Coal.
1 yard Argillaceous Shiftus.
16 yards Sand-ftone.
16 and 1/2 yards Argillaceous Shiftus.

42 yards whole depth of the Shaft. To relate to modern maps the total depth of 42 yards is 38.4m in metres which places the foot of the shaft lower than the whole Lead Mines Clough, in fact M.C. Gill (The Yorkshire and Lancashire Lead Mines) points out this would be around the 150 metre contour which is below the current shoreline of Yarrow Reservoir, downstream. We will return to this when examining the South Level. The strata described here is the well known 'alternating succession of Sandstone and Shale', interspersed with coal and topped with the Devensian till - detrital deposits formed from glacial action in the last two million years and locally common where it is not covered with peat or replaced by gravel. The Sandstone is the local gritstone that can be seen in the stream bed. 'Argillaceous Shistus', is what we would call Shale and the old miners called 'Shiver', a word applied to fragile, easily shattered substances in general.

Old Forefield and New Forfield Shafts

Two shafts to the East of lead mines clough on the Sun Vein and distinguishable on the ground for their mounds that remain on the surface.

Sun Vein Minerals

Due to the New Engine Shaft we are able to learn a bit about the contents of the Sun Vein and their relation to the other nearby mineral veins. Warning: Some of the minerals found at lead mines clough may be poisonous so it's a good idea not to smash the rocks up which may cause airborne dust, and certainly don't ingest any. As always, wash your hands!

Iron

Disregarding the glacial till which can contain all manner of rock brought down by the glaciers and churned around in the soil since; we are told from Watt's account that 'laminae of Martial Pyrites', are found between the shale and this is easily verified for much of the shale seen above ground today is covered with hydrated FeO3 oxide or 'Ochre' as it is commonly called here indicating the oxide formed from the iron.

Witherite

First differentiated from Barite by Dr. Withering who called it Terra Ponderosa Aerated. Witherite is a form of Barite that contains trapped Oxygen. Barite is often associated with lead ore in mineral veins; Witherite is relatively rare and not found at many sites where Barite is present. It was reported by the 1780s miners that the Witherite is most abundant higher in the mineral vein and that it is replaced by Barite in greater amounts as depth from the surface increases. Further, the greatest concentrations of Galena or lead ore are found associated with the Witherite and are lost towards the bottom of the shaft where Barite is most prominent.

Barite

Barite is commonly associated with lead ore and is found here in various forms from tiny crystals and coxcomb to massive Barite Spar or Heavy Spar as it was known. As described the quantity of Barite increases with relation to the Witherite as depth increases.

Galena

The lead ore or Blue Lead that was the purpose of the mine occurs mostly in association with the Witherite and was found to decrease to nothing by the depth of the bottom of the New Engine Shaft. Watt tells us that the Galena is found together with 'Blende and Black Jack'. Despite Thompson's assertion that he found not a pound, it is still relatively easily to find small quantities in spoil from the mines today.

Sphalerite

Black Jack or Zinc Blende is Sphalerite, another mineral often found in association with lead ore. However, note that miners are known to have used 'Black-Jack' to refer to Cannel Coal, while 'Coal Blende', is another term used to describe coal found together with Iron Pyrite - which are also present here.

Calcite

A further, unnamed shaft was sunk underground, from a side tunnel off the Chorley Road Vein and adjacent to the New Engine Shaft for a further 11 yards (10m) which cut through two or three small beds of bluish sandstone and a small quantity of 'Calcareous Spar' which we know as Calcite.

Cannel Coal

Coal seams occur within the strata and the most prized was the Cannel or 'candle' coal which is a mid-grade coal, somewhere between bituminous coal and oil shale. Cannel coal burns with a bright flame and produces little ash, it was also used to produce Cannel Gas, which was an early domestic supply. Cannel is formed from an accumulation of oils and pollen type material from plants rather than plant stems and the like which form the other coals found nearby. Cannel is solid enough to be carved and polished into ornaments and jewellery, similar to Whitby Jet.

Lead Mines Clough Adits

There have been several known adits associated with the lead mines but most are now blocked and concealed for safety. There are a few small or obscured features around the brook with suspect, orange ochre leaching into the water that are probably connected to the mines.

High Level Sough

A drainage tunnel from the higher levels of the mine (those above the level of the sough and therefore contained within the high ground to the east) that has been displayed with a marker since the early 80s after the mining remains were restored.

Low Level Sough

A drainage tunnel for the lower levels, deep underground. The pump shaft that is visible below the waterwheel pit would have pumped the water up to a small tunnel which allowed the water to flow into the brook. Bill Jones (Bolton's Industrial Heritage) has this connected to the South Level during the driving of the level, but recall Gill says that particular waterwheel belongs to a later time - probably that of Thompson in the mid-to-late 1820s.

South Level

The South Level was driven during Frank Standish's time and described in Watt's visit as having been driven from the bottom of the New Engine Shaft at a depth of 38.4 metres. On the Overlooker's map the level is shown extended northwards to meet Minehouse Vein, near to Staple shaft. In the southerly direction the level heads off the bottom of the map towards where Yarrow Reservoir is situated today. We are told in Watt's report that at the time of his visit (around 1789) that all the mines now drain via South Level, except where the extended 11 yard shaft mentioned previously took mining down that extra distance looking to find out if the ore returned at greater depth. This was said to have been cleared using a small pump which was driven by a waterwheel in the valley above. I am not sure of the mechanism but presumably the water would have only been pumped the 11 yards and then allowed to drain via the South Level. As briefly mentioned Gill calculates by taking 38.4 metres from ground level in the clough, indicating the South Level would emerge around the 150 metre contour (I tried myself and calculated 156.6 metres). Land at this height is not encountered until around the site of old Alance at the bottom of the valley which was the nearest settlement. However, the direction of the South Level appears to be heading further to the east of Alance. Interestingly, the 'Minehouse' is shown as a ruin on the old maps and another ruin of very similar size and shape is shown below Anderton's farm on the north shore of Yarrow Reservoir which is at around 167.64 metres. A small dotted line is shown leading downslope to a rectilinear feature just on the 500ft contour (which is 152.4 metres). Otherwise, like M.C. Gill we can only assume the level adit was covered during construction of the reservoir. To avoid confusion, note that there is a stone-lined tunnel very close by which is not related to the mines and is used to carry water off the Dean Brook above the waterfall and into the reservoir. It is erroneously marked as Dean Brook Tunnel Inlet on some maps (it's an outlet). Bill Jones has a sough leading from the South Level out onto the Limestone Brook above Meeting of the Waters in his self-penned diagram, but as we have seen, this would be many metres above the South Level. We know the South Level once had an entrance portal at ground level because we are told that production from the mines increased from 4 tonnes a year to 73 tonnes over next 3 years due to the South Level having been driven. This meant ore could be taken out of the mines through the South Level adit rather than hauling it up the mine shafts on the hill. We are also informed that all the mines drained into the South Level after its completion so it must not at any time travel uphill from it's starting point, 38.4 metres below ground at the New Engine Shaft.

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